UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 001-40023

GT BIOPHARMA, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

8000 Marina Blvd.

Suite 100

Brisbane, CA 94005

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(415) 919-4040

(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2022 was approximately $89.8 million. As of March 30, 2023, there were 36,809,271 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

In Part III, portions of the registrant’s 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the Registrant’s fiscal year end.

Table of Contents

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

Our business involves significant risks. Below is a summary of the material risks that our business faces, which makes an investment in our securities speculative and risky. This summary does not address all these risks. These risks are more fully described below under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this annual report on Form 10-K. Before making investment decisions regarding our securities, you should carefully consider these risks. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and stock price. In such event, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. In addition, there are also additional risks not described below that are either not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, and these additional risks could also materially impair our business, operations or market price of our common stock.

PART I

CAUTIONARY NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including any documents which may be incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, contains “Forward-Looking Statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “Forward-Looking Statements” for purposes of these provisions, including our plans of operation, any projections of revenues or other financial items, any statements of the plans and objectives of management for future operations, any statements concerning proposed new products or services, any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. All Forward-Looking Statements included in this document are made as of the date hereof and are based on information available to us as of such date. We assume no obligation to update any Forward-Looking Statement. In some cases, Forward-Looking Statements can be identified by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “believes,” “estimates,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the Forward-Looking Statements contained herein are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such expectations or any of the Forward-Looking Statements will prove to be correct, and actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the Forward-Looking Statements. Future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any Forward-Looking Statements are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, including any other factors referred to in our press releases and reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All subsequent Forward-Looking Statements attributable to the company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements. Additional factors that may have a direct bearing on our operating results are described under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Introductory Comment

Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “GT Biopharma,” “GTBP,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the company” and “our company” refer to GT Biopharma, Inc., a Delaware corporation formerly known as DDI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Diagnostic Data, Inc. and Oxis International, Inc., together with our subsidiaries.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel immuno-oncology products based on our proprietary Tri-specific Killer Engager (TriKE^®) fusion protein immune cell engager technology platform. Our TriKE^® platform generates proprietary therapeutics designed to harness and enhance the cancer killing abilities of a patient’s own natural killer cells, or NK cells. Once bound to an NK cell, our moieties are designed to enhance the NK cell, and precisely direct it to one or more specifically targeted proteins expressed on a specific type of cancer cell or virus infected cell, resulting in the targeted cell’s death. TriKE^®s can be designed to target any number of tumor antigens on hematologic malignancies or solid tumors and do not require patient-specific customization.

We are using our TriKE^® platform with the intent to bring to market immuno-oncology products that can treat a range of hematologic malignancies, and solid tumors. The platform is scalable, and we are putting processes in place to be able to produce investigational new drug (IND) ready moieties in a timely manner after a specific TriKE^® conceptual design. Specific drug candidates can then be advanced into the clinic on our own or through potential collaborations with partnering companies. We believe our TriKE^®s may have the ability, if approved for marketing, to be used as both monotherapy and in combination with other standard-of-care therapies.

We are also using our TriKE^® platform to develop therapeutics useful for the treatment of infectious disease such as for the treatment of patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While the use of anti-retroviral drugs has substantially improved the health and increased the longevity of individuals infected with HIV, these drugs are designed to suppress virus replication to help modulate progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and to limit further transmission of the virus. Despite the use of anti-retroviral drugs, infected individuals retain reservoirs of latent HIV-infected cells that, upon cessation of anti-retroviral drug therapy, can reactivate and re-establish an active HIV infection. For a curative therapy, destruction of these latent HIV infected cells must take place. The HIV-TriKE^® contains the antigen binding fragment (Fab) from a broadly neutralizing antibody targeting the HIV-Env protein or a protein that binds infected CD4+ T cells. The HIV-TriKE^® is designed to target HIV while redirecting NK cell killing specifically to actively replicating HIV infected cells. The HIV-TriKE^® induced NK cell proliferation and demonstrated the ability in vitro to reactivate and kill HIV-infected T-cells. These findings indicate a potential role for the HIV-TriKE^® in the reactivation and elimination of the latently infected HIV reservoir cells by harnessing the NK cell’s ability to mediate the antibody-directed cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Our initial work has been conducted in collaboration with the Masonic Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota under a program led by Dr. Jeffrey Miller, the Deputy Director. Dr. Miller is a recognized key opinion leader in the field of NK cell and IL-15 biology and their therapeutic potential. We have exclusive rights to the TriKE^® platform and are generating additional intellectual property for specific moieties.

Immuno-Oncology Platform

Tri-specific Killer Engagers (TriKE^®s)

The generation of chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR, expressing T cells from monoclonal antibodies has represented an important step forward in cancer therapy. These therapies involve the genetic engineering of T cells to express either CARs, or T cell receptors, or TCRs, and are designed such that the modified T cells can recognize and destroy cancer cells. While a great deal of interest has recently been placed upon chimeric antigen receptor T, or CAR-T, therapy, it has certain limitations for broad potential applicability because it can require an individual approach that is expensive, time consuming, and may be difficult to apply on a large scale. NK cells represent an important immunotherapeutic target as they are involved in tumor immune-surveillance, can mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), contain pre-made granules with perforin and granzyme B and can quickly secrete inflammatory cytokines, and unlike T cells they do not require antigen priming and can kill cells in the absence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation of antigens. Unlike full-length antibodies, TriKE^® constructs are composed of a single-chain fusion protein that binds the CD16 receptor of NK cells directly producing a potent and lasting cytotoxic killing response, interleukin 15 (IL-15) to promote NK cell activation, persistence and proliferation, and a cancer cell targeting moiety. An additional benefit of TriKE^® may have been its attractive biodistribution, as a consequence of their smaller size, which we expect to be important in the treatment of solid tumors. In addition to these advantages, TriKE^® is designed to be non-immunogenic, have appropriate clearance properties, and can be engineered to target a variety of tumor antigens.

We believe there is a continued unmet medical need for targeted immuno-oncology therapies that can have the potential to be dosed in a patient-friendly outpatient setting, can be used on a stand-alone basis, augment the current monoclonal antibody therapeutics, or be used in conjunction with more traditional cancer therapy. We believe our TriKE^® constructs have this potential and therefore we have generated, and intend to continue to generate, a pipeline of product candidates to be advanced into the clinic on our own or through potential collaborations with larger companies.

GTB-3550 TriKE^® and Phase 1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Myelodysplastic Syndrome (AML/MDS) Phase 1 Clinical Trial

GTB-3550 is the Company’s first-generation TriKE^® product candidate which is a single-chain, tri-specific recombinant fusion protein construct composed of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of anti-CD16 and anti-CD33 antibodies and a modified form of IL-15, all connected by small peptide linkers. The GTB-3550 Phase 1 clinical trial for treatment of patients with CD33-expressing, high risk myelodysplastic syndromes and refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia opened for patient enrollment in September 2019 and completed enrollment in September 2021. The clinical trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota’s Masonic Cancer Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota under the direction of Dr. Erica Warlick and Dr. Mark Juckett.

Background and Select Non-Clinical Data

In conjunction with our research agreement with the Masonic Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota, the exploration of targeting NK cells to a variety of tumors initially focused on novel bi-specific killer engagers, or BiKEs, composed of the variable portions of antibodies targeting the CD16 activating receptor on NK cells and CD33 (AML and MDS; see figure below), B7H3 (solid tumors – breast, lung, colon, prostate), Her2 (Breast, Gastric), or CD19/CD22 (B cell lymphomas) on the tumor cells.

Subsequently, a tri-specific (TriKE^®) construct that replaced the linker molecule between the CD16 scFv and the CD33 scFv with a modified IL-15 molecule, containing flanking sequences, was generated, and tested. Data indicates that the CD16 x IL-15 x CD33 potently induce proliferation of healthy donor NK cells, possibly greater than that induced by exogenous IL-15, which is absent in the BiKE platform. Targeted delivery of the IL-15 through the TriKE^® also resulted in specific expansion of the NK cells without inducing T cell expansion on post-transplant patient samples.

When compared to the CD16 x CD33 BiKE, the CD16 x IL-15 x CD33 TriKE^® is also capable of potently restoring killing capacity of post-transplant NK cells against CD33-expressing HL-60 targets and primary AML blasts. These results demonstrated the ability to functionally incorporate an IL-15 cytokine into the BiKE platform and also demonstrated the possibility of targeting a variety of cytokines directly to NK cells while reducing off-target effects and the amount of cytokines needed to obtain biologically relevant function.

The figure below is a schematic of a BiKE construct (top) and a TriKE^® construct (bottom), which has the modified IL-15 linker between the CD16 scFv and the CD33 scFv components.

The CD33 -targeting TriKE^® constructs was tested against three separate human tumor cell lines to evaluate specificity: CD33+ HL-60 (promyelocitic leukemia) cells, CD33, Raji (Burkitt’s lymphoma), and CD33- HT29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma). TriKE^® (GTB-3550) activity was only seen against the CD33+ HL-60 cells containing a Luc reporter to allow for in vivo imaging of the tumors, were used to show in vivo efficacy of BiKE (1633) and TriKE^® (GTB-3550) against relevant human tumor targets (HL-60-luc) over an extended period of time. The system consisted of initial conditioning of mice using radiation (250-275 cGy), followed by injection of the tumor cells (I.V. for HL-60-luc, a three-day growth phase, injection of human NK cells, and repeated injection of the drugs of interest, BiKE and TriKE^® (three to five times a week). Imaging was carried out at Day 7, 14, and 21, and extended as needed. Subsequent studies were also carried out to evaluate other TriKEs expressing targeting arms against other tumor antigens (B7H3 and HER2 for instance).

The figure below shows the results (tumor burden and mortality) when dosing NK cells alone (top panel), the BiKE version (lacking IL-15) of GTB-3550 (middle panel; called 1633), and the TriKE^®, GTB-3550 (bottom panel; then called 161533) in the above human tumor model, HL-60-luc. In the NK-cell-only arm, two out of the five mice were dead by Day 21 with two of the surviving mice having extensive tumor burden as depicted by the colored images. In contrast, all five mice in each of the BiKE and TriKE^® arms survived. In addition, the tumor burden in the TriKE^®-treated mice was significantly less than in the BiKE-treated mice, demonstrating the improved efficacy from NK cells in the TriKE^®-treated mice.

Based on these results, and others, the IND for GTB-3550 was filed in June 2017 by the University of Minnesota. The FDA requested that additional preclinical toxicology, additional information and clarifications on manufacturing, and clinical development plans. The requested additional information and clarifications were completed and incorporated into the IND in eCTD format. We filed the IND amendment in June 2018 and announced on November 1, 2018, that the FDA granted approval of the IND and the Company was authorized to initiate a first-in-human Phase 1 study with GTB-3550 in AML, MDS, and severe mastocytosis. The Phase 1 clinical trial was initiated in September 2019 and closed in September 2021.

Targeting Solid Tumors and Other Potentially Attractive Characteristics

Unlike full-length antibodies, TriKE^® is composed of a single-chain fusion protein that binds the CD16 receptor of NK cells directly producing a potentially more potent and lasting response as demonstrated by preclinical studies. An additional benefit due to the smaller size of TriKE^® is enhanced biodistribution which we expect to be important in the treatment of solid tumors. In addition to these potential advantages, TriKE^® is designed to be non-immunogenic, have appropriate clearance properties and can be engineered quickly to target a variety of tumor antigens. We believe these attributes make them an ideal pharmaceutical platform for potentiated NK cell-based immunotherapies and have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of CAR-T therapy and other antibody therapies.

Examples of our earlier stage solid tumor targeting product candidates are focused on CD33, B7-H3, Her2, CD19, CLEC12A, CD22, and CD133 alone and in combination. We believe these constructs have the potential to target prostate, breast, colon, ovarian, liver, and head and neck cancers. Depending on the availability of drug supply, we hope to initiate human clinical testing for certain of our solid tumor product candidates in 2023.

Efficient Advancement of Potential Future Product Candidates – Production and Scale Up

We are using our TriKE^® platform with the intent to bring to market multiple immuno-oncology products that can treat a range of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The platforms are scalable, and we are currently working with a third-party product manufacturer investigating the optimal GMP production expression system for TriKE^® constructs.

We believe TriKE^®s will have the ability, if approved for marketing, to be used as both monotherapy and in combination with standard-of-care therapies.

Immuno-Oncology Product Candidates

GTB-3550

GTB-3550 was our first TriKE^® product candidate. It reflected our first-generation TriKE^® platform. It is a single-chain, tri-specific scFv recombinant fusion protein conjugate composed of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of anti-CD16 and anti-CD33 antibodies and a modified form of IL-15. We studied this anti-CD16-IL-15-anti-CD33 TriKE^® in CD33 positive leukemias, a marker expressed on tumor cells in acute myelogenous leukemia, or AML, myelodysplastic syndrome, or MDS. CD33 is primarily a myeloid differentiation antigen with endocytic properties broadly expressed on AML blasts and, possibly, some leukemic stem cells. CD33 or Siglec-3 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3, SIGLEC3, SIGLEC3, gp67, p67) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage. It is usually considered myeloid-specific, but it can also be found on some lymphoid cells. The anti-CD33 antibody fragment used for these studies was derived from the M195 humanized anti-CD33 scFV and has been used in multiple human clinical studies. It has been exploited as target for therapeutic antibodies for many years. We believe the recent approval of the antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab validates this targeted approach.

GTB-3550 is being replaced by a more potent next-generation camelid nanobody TriKE^®, GTB-3650, targeting relapsed/refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and high-risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS).

About High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic Syndromes is a rare form of bone marrow-related cancer caused by irregular blood cell production within the bone marrow. As a result of this irregular production, MDS patients do not have sufficient normal red blood cells, white blood cells and/or platelets in circulation. High-risk MDS is associated with poor prognosis, diminished quality of life, and a higher chance of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. The goals of therapy are to reduce disease associated symptoms and the risk of disease progression and death, thereby improving both quality and quantity of life. United States incidence of MDS is estimated to be 10,000 cases per year, although the condition is thought to be under diagnosed. The prevalence has been estimated to be from 60,000 to 170,000 in the United States. Approximately 40% of patients with High-Risk MDS transform to AML, another aggressive cancer with poor outcomes.

About Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes abnormal myeloblasts (a type of white blood cell), red blood cells, or platelets. The median age at the time of diagnosis is 65–69 years. AML is an aggressive disease and is fatal without anti-leukemic treatment. Among patients treated with chemotherapy, 65% to 80% achieve complete remission. Despite a plethora of novel agents that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration since 2017 for treatment of AML, once complete remission (CR) is achieved, approximately 50% of patients age < 60 years of age and up to 90% of patients ≥ 60 years of age will relapse, despite consolidation strategies. Furthermore, while 10–40% of younger AML patients are primarily refractory to AML induction therapy, the number is considerably higher for patients above 60 years (40–60%). The vast majority of fit AML patients will undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after achieving a CR. However, 40% of these patients relapse after HSCT. Thus, refractory or relapsed (r/r) AML is a very common scenario in AML and despite recent advances and new targeted therapies, the management of AML remains a challenge, particularly in older adults ineligible for intensive therapies. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the five-year survival rate is about 35% in people under 60 years old, and 10% in people over 60 years old. Older people whose health is too poor for intensive chemotherapy have a typical survival of five to ten months. AML accounts for approximately 1.8% of cancer deaths in the United States.

About GTB-3550 TriKE^® Clinical Trial

We opened our GTB-3550 Phase 1 clinical trial in September 2019 and enrolled our first patient in January 2020. Patients with CD33+ malignancies (primary induction failure or relapsed AML with failure of one reinduction attempt or high-risk MDS progressed on two lines of therapy) age 18 and older were eligible (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03214666). The primary endpoint is to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of GTB-3550 TriKE^®. Correlative objectives include the number, phenotype, activation status and function of NK cells and T cells. From January, 2020 until September, 2021 twelve patients received escalating doses of GTB-3550 in the Phase 1 trial. The results of this trial were presented at several conferences in 2021. To summarize, the therapy was overall well tolerated and safe. There were no serious cases of cytokine release syndrome observed. Four of twelve patients had transient reductions in bone marrow leukemic blast cells. Correlative studies showed activation, proliferation, and persistence of functionally active endogenous NK cells. The results of our first generation GTB-3550 Phase 1 clinical trial support our plans to advance the next generation camelid nanobody into the clinic.

The Next Generation of Camelid Nanobody TriKE^®s

Our goal is to be a leader in immuno-oncology therapies targeting a broad range of indications including hematological malignancies and solid tumors. A key element of our strategy includes introducing a next-generation camelid nanobody platform. Camelid antibodies (often referred as nanobodies) are smaller than human immunoglobulin and consist of two heavy chains. These nanobodies have the potential to have greater affinity to target antigens, potentially resulting in greater potency. GT Biopharma is utilizing this camelid antibody structure for all its new TriKE^® product candidates.

Generation of humanized single-domain antibody targeting CD16 for incorporation into the TriKE^® platform

To develop second generation TriKE^®s, we designed a new humanized CD16 engager derived from a single-domain antibody. While scFvs consist of a heavy and a light variable chain joined by a linker, single-domain antibodies consist of a single variable heavy chain capable of engaging without the need of a light chain counterpart (see figure below).

These single-domain antibodies are thought to have certain attractive features for antibody engineering, including physical stability, ability to bind deep grooves, and increased production yields, amongst others. Pre-clinical studies demonstrated increased NK cell activation against CD33+ targets including NK cell degranulation (% CD107a+) and IFNg with the single-domain CD16 TriKE^® (cam 16-wt15-33; GTB-3650) compared to the original TriKE^® (scFv16-m 15-33; GTB-3550) (see figure below). These data were published by Felices M et al (2020) in Cancer Immunol Res.

CD33+ HL60 Targets

GTB-3650

GTB-3650 is a CD33 targeted TriKE^® which targets CD33 on the surface of myeloid leukemias. We are advancing GTB-3650 through preclinical studies and anticipate filing an Investigational New Drug (IND) application in the first half of 2023. We further anticipate starting a study targeting patients with relapsed/refractory AML and high grade MDS by the end of 2023.

GTB-5550

GTB-5550 is a B7-H3 targeted TriKE^® which targets B7-H3 on the surface of advanced solid tumors. We are advancing GTB-5550 through preclinical studies and have initiated a GMP manufacturing campaign in anticipation of filing an IND in the late second half of 2023 and starting a study targeting patients with B7-H3 positive solid tumors in the first half of 2024.

Oncology Markets

Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

AML is a heterogeneous hematologic stem cell malignancy in adults with incidence rate of 4.3% per 100,000 populations. The median age at the time of diagnosis is 68 years. AML is an aggressive disease and is fatal without anti-leukemic treatment. AML is the most common form of adult leukemia in the U.S. These patients will require frontline therapy, usually chemotherapy including cytarabine and an anthracycline, a therapy that has not changed in over 40 years. Myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms characterized by dysplastic features of erythroid/myeloid/megakaryocytic lineages, progressive bone marrow failure, a varying percentage of blast cells, and enhanced risk to evolve into acute myeloid leukemia. It is estimated that over 10,000 new cases of MDS are diagnosed each year and there are minimal treatment options; other estimates have put this number higher. In addition, the incidence of MDS is rising for unknown reasons.

B7-H3 Positive Solid Tumors

The B7-H3 protein, which functions as a checkpoint inhibitor, has been identified in many of the most common solid tumor cancers, including but not limited to bladder, breast, cervical, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, glioma, kidney, liver, lung, pancreatic, prostate, head and neck cancer, and melanoma. In recent studies, B7-H3 has been identified as a critical promoter of tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness and drug resistance. Because this protein does not seem to be expressed in normal cells, this makes it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.

Manufacturing

We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of any of our product candidates. We rely on a third-party contract manufacturing operation to produce and/or test our compounds and expect to continue to do so to meet the preclinical and clinical requirements of our potential product candidates as well as for our future commercial needs. We do not have long-term commitments with a third-party product manufacturer. We require in our manufacturing and processing agreements that third-party product manufacturers produce intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API, and finished products in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), and all other applicable laws and regulations. We maintain confidentiality agreements with potential and existing manufacturers to protect our proprietary rights related to our drug candidates.

Patents and Trademarks

Immuno-oncology platform

TriKE^® Patents

On August 24, 2021, two patents were issued by the US Patent Office covering our pipeline of clinical and non-clinical product candidates consisting of tri-specific killer engagers, or TriKE^®s, designed to target natural killer, or NK, cells and tumor or virus infected cells forming an immune synapse between the NK cell and the tumor cell thereby inducing NK cell activation at that site. The patents broadly include TriKE^®s that target the CD16 receptor, which includes the more potent camelid nanobody sequence, an IL-15 activating domain, and any targeting domain.

University of Minnesota License Agreements

2016 Exclusive Patent License Agreement

We are party to an exclusive worldwide license agreement with the Regents of the University of Minnesota, (“UofMN”) to further develop and commercialize cancer therapies using TriKE^® technology developed by researchers at the UofMN to target NK cells to cancer. Under the terms of the 2016 agreement, we received exclusive rights to conduct research and to develop, make, use, sell, and import TriKE^® technology worldwide for the treatment of any disease, state or condition in humans. We are responsible for obtaining all permits, licenses, authorizations, registrations and regulatory approvals required or granted by any governmental authority anywhere in the world that is responsible for the regulation of products such as the TriKE^® technology, including without limitation the FDA and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products in the European Union. Under the agreement, the University of Minnesota received an upfront payment of $200,000, annual license maintenance fees of $100,000 beginning in 2021, 4% royalty fees (not to exceed 6% under subsequent license agreements or amendments to this agreement), upon sale of a licensed product or a minimum annual royalty payment ranging from $250,000 to $5.0 million. The agreement also includes certain milestone payments totaling $3.1 million, and one-time sales milestone payments of $1.0 million upon reaching $250 million in gross sales and $5.0 million upon reaching $500 million in cumulative gross sales of licensed products.

2021 Exclusive License Agreement 

On March 26, 2021, we entered into an agreement with the UofMN specific to the B7H3 targeted TriKE^®. Under the agreement, the UofMN received an upfront license fee of $20,000, and will receive annual license maintenance fees of $5,000 beginning in 2022, 2.5% to 5% royalty fees or minimum annual royalty payments of $250,000 beginning in the first year after the first commercial sale of licensed product, and $2.0 million beginning in the fifth year after the first commercial sale of licensed product. The agreement also includes certain milestone payments totaling $3.1 million and one-time sales milestone payments of $1.0 million upon reaching $250 million in gross sales, and $5.0 million upon reaching $500 million in cumulative gross sales of licensed products. There is no double payment intended; if one of the milestone payments has been paid under the 2016 agreement, no further payment is due for the corresponding milestone above.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

At the date of this Annual Report, we have 2 full-time employees and eight consultants to carry on our operations. Many of our activities are outsourced to consultants who provide services to us on a project basis. As business activities require and capital resources permit, we will hire additional employees to fulfill our Company’s needs.

Form and Year of Organization

In 1965, the corporate predecessor of GT Biopharma, Diagnostic Data, Inc., was incorporated in the State of California. Diagnostic Data changed its incorporation to the State of Delaware in 1972, and changed its name to DDI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in 1985. In 1994, DDI Pharmaceuticals merged with International BioClinical, Inc. and Bioxytech S.A. and changed its name to OXIS International, Inc. On July 17, 2017, we amended our Certificate of Incorporation for the purpose of changing our name from Oxis International, Inc. to GT Biopharma, Inc.

Available Information

We post our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, free of charge, on the Investors section of our public website (www.gtbiopharma.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC . In addition, you can read our SEC filings over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The contents of these websites are not incorporated into this annual report on Form 10-K. Further, our references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below in addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you may lose part or all of your investment. In the opinion of management, the risks discussed below represent the material risks known to the company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition and operating results and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our business is at an early stage of development and we may not develop therapeutic products that can be commercialized.

Our business is at an early stage of development. We do not have immune-oncology products in late stage clinical trials. We are still in the early stages of identifying and conducting research on potential therapeutic products. Our potential therapeutic products will require significant research and development and pre-clinical and clinical testing prior to regulatory approval in the United States and other countries. We may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals, enter clinical trials for any of our product candidates, or commercialize any products. Our product candidates may prove to have undesirable and unintended side effects or other characteristics adversely affecting their safety, efficacy or cost effectiveness that could prevent or limit their use. Any product using any of our technology may fail to provide the intended therapeutic benefits or achieve therapeutic benefits equal to or better than the standard of treatment at the time of testing or production.

We have a history of operating losses and we expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and we may never generate revenue or achieve profitability.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company reported a net loss of $20.9 million and as of December 31, 2022 and had an accumulated deficit of $674.5 million. We have not generated any revenue to date and are not profitable, and have incurred losses in each year since our inception. We do not expect to generate any product sales or royalty revenues for the foreseeable future. We expect to incur significant additional operating losses for the foreseeable future as we expand research and development and clinical trial efforts.

Our ability to achieve long-term profitability is dependent upon obtaining regulatory approvals for our products and successfully commercializing our products alone or with third parties. However, our operations may not be profitable even if any of our products under development are successfully developed and produced and thereafter commercialized. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods.

Even if we succeed in commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we expect to continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenditures to develop and market additional product candidates. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

We will need additional capital to conduct our operations and develop our products, and our ability to obtain the necessary funding is uncertain.

We have used a significant amount of cash since inception to finance the continued development and testing of our product candidates, and we expect to need substantial additional capital resources to develop our product candidates going forward and launch and commercialize any product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval.

We may not be successful in generating and/or maintaining operating cash flow, and the timing of our capital expenditures and other expenditures may not result in cash sufficient to sustain our operations through the commercialization of our product candidates. If financing is not sufficient and additional financing is not available or available only on terms that are detrimental to our long-term survival, it could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue to function. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Additional financing through strategic collaborations, public or private equity or debt financings or other financing sources may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Additional equity financing could result in significant dilution to our stockholders, and any debt financings will likely involve covenants restricting our business activities. Further, if we obtain additional funds through arrangements with collaborative partners, these arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, product candidates or products that we would otherwise seek to develop and commercialize on our own.

If sufficient capital is not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or product development initiatives, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or business prospects.

Our research and development costs could exceed our projections requiring us to significantly modify our planned operations.

Our currently projected expenditures for 2023 include approximately $10.2 million for research and development. The actual cost of our programs could differ significantly from our current projections if we change our planned development process. In the event that actual costs of our clinical program, or any of our other ongoing research activities, are significantly higher than our current estimates, we may be required to significantly modify our planned level of operations.

The successful development of any product candidate is highly uncertain. It is difficult to reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts necessary to complete the development of, or the period in which material net cash inflows are expected to commence from any product candidate, due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs. Any failure to complete any stage of the development of products in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial position and liquidity.

We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. While we have worked to remedy these weaknesses, if we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Ineffective internal control could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as a company, which resulted in unauthorized transactions involving our assets and common stock. As defined in Regulation 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented, or detected on a timely basis.

We have taken measures to mitigate the issues identified and implement a functional system of internal controls over financial reporting. However, such controls may become inadequate due to changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with such policies or procedures may deteriorate, which could result in the discovery of additional material weaknesses and deficiencies. In any event, the process of determining whether our existing internal control over financial reporting is compliant with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, and sufficiently effective requires the investment of substantial time and resources, including by certain members of our senior management.

We are required, pursuant to Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for as long as we are a “smaller reporting company,” our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. While we could be a smaller reporting company for an indefinite amount of time, and thus relieved of the above-mentioned attestation requirement, an independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Such undetected material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

Our intellectual property may be compromised.

Part of our value going forward depends on the intellectual property rights that we have been and are acquiring. There may have been many persons involved in the development of our intellectual property, and we may not be successful in obtaining the necessary rights from all of them. It is possible that in the future, third parties may challenge our intellectual property rights. We may not be successful in protecting our intellectual property rights. In either event, we may lose the value of our intellectual property, and if so, our business prospects may suffer.

If our efforts to protect the proprietary nature of the intellectual property related to our technologies are not adequate, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market and our business would be harmed.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our technologies. Any disclosure to or misappropriation by third parties of our trade secret or other confidential information could enable competitors to quickly duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding any competitive advantage we may derive from this information.

The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications we own or license may fail to result in issued patents in the United States or in foreign countries. Third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope of any issued patents we own or license or any applications that may be issued as patents in the future, which may result in those patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from developing similar products that do not fall within the scope of our patents. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patents we hold or pursue is threatened, our ability to commercialize any product candidates with technology protected by those patents could be threatened. Further, if we encounter delays in our clinical trials, the time during which we would have patent protection for any covered product candidates that obtain regulatory approval would be reduced. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain at the time of filing that we are the first to file any patent application related to our product candidates.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we seek to rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our discovery platform and drug development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents or not amenable to patent protection. Although we require all of our employees and certain consultants and advisors to assign inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, our trade secrets and other proprietary information may be disclosed or competitors may otherwise gain access to such information or independently develop substantially equivalent information. Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant difficulty in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the trade secret intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, we may not be able to establish or maintain the competitive advantage that we believe is provided by such intellectual property, which could materially adversely affect our market position and business and operational results.

Claims that we infringe the intellectual property rights of others may prevent or delay our drug discovery and development efforts.

Our research, development and commercialization activities, as well as any product candidates or products resulting from those activities, may infringe or be accused of infringing a patent or other form of intellectual property under which we do not hold a license or other rights. Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents of which we are currently unaware, with claims that cover the use or manufacture of our product candidates or the practice of our related methods. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes one or more claims of these patents. If our activities or product candidates infringe the patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties, the holders of such intellectual property rights may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidates or practice our methods unless we obtain a license under the intellectual property rights or until any applicable patents expire or are determined to be invalid or unenforceable.

Defense of any intellectual property infringement claims against us, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a significant diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, limit our business to avoid the infringing activities, pay royalties and/or redesign our infringing product candidates or methods, any or all of which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Further, if we were to seek a license from the third-party holder of any applicable intellectual property rights, we may not be able to obtain the applicable license rights when needed or on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The occurrence of any of the above events could prevent us from continuing to develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates and our business could materially suffer.

We may desire, or be forced, to seek additional licenses to use intellectual property owned by third parties, and such licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights, that are important or necessary to the development of our product candidates, in which case we would need to obtain a license from that third party or develop a different formulation of the product that does not infringe upon the applicable intellectual property, which may not be possible. Additionally, we may identify product candidates that we believe are promising and whose development and other intellectual property rights are held by third parties. In such a case, we may desire to seek a license to pursue the development of those product candidates. Any license that we may desire to obtain or that we may be forced to pursue may not be available when needed on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any inability to secure a license that we need or desire could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

The patent protection covering some of our product candidates may be dependent on third parties, who may not effectively maintain that protection.

While we expect that we will generally seek to gain the right to fully prosecute any patents covering product candidates we may in-license from third-party owners, there may be instances when platform technology patents that cover our product candidates remain controlled by our licensors. If any of our current or future licensing partners that retain the right to prosecute patents covering the product candidates we license from them fail to appropriately maintain that patent protection, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing and selling competing products or practicing competing methods and our ability to generate revenue from any commercialization of the affected product candidates may suffer.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our current or potential licensors. To attempt to stop infringement or unauthorized use, we may need to enforce one or more of our patents, which can be expensive and time-consuming and distract management. If we pursue any litigation, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensor’s is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the relevant technology on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. Further, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, which could reduce the likelihood of success of any infringement proceeding we pursue in any such jurisdiction. An adverse result in any infringement litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing, which could limit our ability to exclude competitors from directly competing with us in the applicable jurisdictions.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the U.S. PTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to use it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

If we are unsuccessful in obtaining or maintaining patent protection for intellectual property in development, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

We are seeking patent protection for some of our technology and product candidates. Patent prosecution is a challenging process and is not assured of success. If we are unable to secure patent protection for our technology and product candidates, our business may be adversely impacted.

In addition, issued patents and pending international applications require regular maintenance. Failure to maintain our portfolio may result in loss of rights that may adversely impact our intellectual property rights, for example by rendering issued patents unenforceable or by prematurely terminating pending international applications.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We currently, and expect in the future to continue to, seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any such disclosure. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they disclose the trade secrets, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

If we fail to meet our obligations under our license agreements, we may lose our rights to key technologies on which our business depends.

Our business depends in part on licenses from third parties. These third-party license agreements impose obligations on us, such as payment obligations and obligations to diligently pursue development of commercial products under the licensed patents. If a licensor believes that we have failed to meet our obligations under a license agreement, the licensor could seek to limit or terminate our license rights, which could lead to costly and time-consuming litigation and, potentially, a loss of the licensed rights. During the period of any such litigation, our ability to carry out the development and commercialization of potential products could be significantly and negatively affected. If our license rights were restricted or ultimately lost, our ability to continue our business based on the affected technology platform could be severely adversely affected.

We will have to hire additional employees to carry on our business operations. If we are unable to hire qualified personnel, we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

We currently have two full-time employees and eight consultants to carry on our operations. Our interim Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board provides his services through a consulting arrangement. The loss of the services of any of our employees or consultants could delay our product development programs and our research and development efforts. In order to develop our business in accordance with our business strategy, we will have to hire additional qualified personnel, including in the areas of manufacturing, clinical trials management, regulatory affairs, finance, discovery biology, and business development. We will need to raise sufficient funds to hire and retain the necessary employees and consultants.

Moreover, there is intense competition for a limited number of qualified personnel among biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses. Many of the other pharmaceutical companies against which we compete for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles, longer histories in the industry and greater ability to provide valuable cash or stock incentives to potential recruits than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high quality candidates than what we are able to offer as an early-stage company. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can develop and commercialize product candidates will be limited.

We depend on key personnel for our continued operations and future success, and a loss of certain key personnel could significantly hinder our ability to move forward with our business plan.

Because of the specialized nature of our business, we are highly dependent on our ability to identify, hire, train and retain highly qualified scientific and technical personnel for the research and development activities we conduct or sponsor. The loss of one or more key executive officers, scientific or operational team members would be significantly detrimental to us. In addition, recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel to perform research and development work is critical to our success. Our anticipated growth and expansion into areas and activities requiring additional expertise, such as discovery biology, clinical testing, regulatory compliance, manufacturing and compliance, will require the addition of new management personnel and the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our present and planned activities. Accordingly, we may not be able to continue to attract and retain the qualified personnel, which would adversely affect the development of our business.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, with contractual provisions and other procedures, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against any such claims.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact contributes to the development of intellectual property that we regard as our own. Further, the terms of such assignment agreements may be breached and we may not be able to successfully enforce their terms, which may force us to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of intellectual property rights we may regard and treat as our own.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could cause our business to suffer.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with regulations of governmental authorities, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, to provide accurate information to the FDA or EMA, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal, state and international healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations as they may become applicable to our operations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained during clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we currently take and the procedures we may establish in the future as our operations and employee base expand to detect and prevent this type of activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure by our employees to comply with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Our reliance on the activities of our non-employee consultants, research institutions and scientific contractors, whose activities are not wholly within our control, may lead to delays in development of our proposed products.

We rely extensively upon and have relationships with scientific consultants at academic and other institutions, some of whom conduct research at our request, and other consultants with expertise in clinical development strategy or other matters. These consultants are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. We have limited control over the activities of these consultants and, except as otherwise required by our collaboration and consulting agreements to the extent they exist, can expect only limited amounts of their time to be dedicated to our activities. These research facilities may have commitments to other commercial and non-commercial entities. We have limited control over the operations of these laboratories and can expect only limited amounts of time to be dedicated to our research goals.

It may take longer to complete our clinical trials than we project, or we may not be able to complete them at all.

For budgeting and planning purposes, we have projected the date for the commencement, continuation and completion of our various clinical trials. However, a number of factors, including scheduling conflicts with participating clinicians and clinical institutions, and difficulties in identifying and enrolling patients who meet trial eligibility criteria, may cause significant delays. We may not commence or complete clinical trials involving any of our products as projected or may not conduct them successfully.

We expect to rely on medical institutions, academic institutions or clinical research organizations to conduct, supervise or monitor some or all aspects of clinical trials involving our products. We will have less control over the timing and other aspects of these clinical trials than if we conducted them entirely on our own. If we fail to commence or complete, or experience delays in, any of our planned clinical trials, our stock price and our ability to conduct our business as currently planned could be harmed.

Clinical drug development is costly, time-consuming and uncertain, and we may suffer setbacks in our clinical development program that could harm our business.

Clinical drug development for our product candidates is costly, time-consuming and uncertain. Our product candidates are in various stages of development and while we expect that clinical trials for these product candidates will continue for several years, such trials may take significantly longer than expected to complete. In addition, we, the FDA, an institutional review board, or IRB, or other regulatory authorities, including state and local agencies and counterpart agencies in foreign countries, may suspend, delay, require modifications to or terminate our clinical trials at any time, for various reasons, including:

If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, those clinical trials could take longer than expected to complete and our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. In particular, because we are focused on patients with molecularly defined cancers, our pool of suitable patients may be smaller and more selective and our ability to enroll a sufficient number of suitable patients may be limited or take longer than anticipated. In addition, some of our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that treat the same indications as our product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ product candidates.

Patient enrollment for any of our clinical trials may also be affected by other factors, including without limitation:

Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates, and we may not have or be able to obtain sufficient cash to fund such increased costs when needed, which could result in the further delay or termination of the trial.

Consistent with our general product development strategy, we intend to design future trials for our product candidates to include some patients with the applicable clinical characteristics, stage of therapy, molecular alterations, biomarkers, and/or cell surface antigens that determine therapeutic options, or are indicators of the disease, with a view to assessing possible early evidence of potential therapeutic effect. If we are unable to locate and include such patients in those trials, then our ability to make those early assessments and to seek participation in FDA expedited review and approval programs, including breakthrough therapy and fast track designation, or otherwise to seek to accelerate clinical development and regulatory timelines, could be compromised.

We have limited clinical testing and regulatory capabilities, and human clinical trials are subject to extensive regulatory requirements, which are very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement. Our products may fail to achieve necessary safety and efficacy endpoints during clinical trials, which may limit our ability to generate revenues from therapeutic products.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to invest or develop resources for clinical trials successfully or as expediently as necessary. In particular, human clinical trials can be very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is time consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be affected by several factors, including:

In addition, we or the FDA, may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA finds deficiencies in our investigational new drug application, or IND, submissions or the conduct of these trials.

We are subject to extensive regulation, which can be costly and time consuming and can subject us to unanticipated delays. even if we obtain regulatory approval for some of our products, those products may still face regulatory difficulties.

All of our potential products, processing and manufacturing activities, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. The process of obtaining FDA and other required regulatory approvals, including foreign approvals, is expensive and often takes many years and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the products involved. In addition, regulatory agencies may lack experience with our technologies and products, which may lengthen the regulatory review process, increase our development costs and delay or prevent their commercialization.

If we violate regulatory requirements at any stage, whether before or after we obtain marketing approval, the FDA may take enforcement action(s) against us, which could include issuing a warning or untitled letter, placing a clinical hold on an ongoing clinical trial, product seizure, enjoining our operations, refusal to consider our applications for pre-market approval, refusal of an investigational new drug application, fines, or even civil or criminal liability, any of which could materially harm our reputation and financial results. Additionally, we may not be able to obtain the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the promotion of our products. We may also be required to undertake post marketing trials to provide additional evidence of safety and effectiveness. In addition, if we or others identify side effects after any of our adoptive therapies are on the market, or if manufacturing problems occur, regulators may withdraw their approval and reformulations, additional clinical trials, changes in labeling of our products, and additional marketing applications may be required.

Any of the following factors, among others, could cause regulatory approval for our product candidates to be delayed, limited or denied:

Any difficulties or failures that we encounter in securing regulatory approval for our product candidates would likely have a substantial adverse impact on our ability to generate product sales, and could make a search for a collaborative partner more difficult.

Obtaining regulatory approval even after clinical trials that are believed to be successful is an uncertain process.

Even if we complete our planned clinical trials and believe the results were successful, obtaining regulatory approval is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA or other regulatory agencies may delay, limit or deny approval of any of our applications for pre-market approval for many reasons, including:

Before we can submit an application for regulatory approval in the United States, we must conduct a pivotal, registrational trial. We will also need to agree on a protocol with the FDA for a clinical trial before commencing the trial. Registrational clinical trials frequently produce unsatisfactory results even though prior clinical trials were successful. Therefore, even if the results of our early phase trials are successful, the results of the additional trials that we conduct may or may not be successful. Further, our product candidates may not be approved even if they achieve their primary endpoints in registrational clinical trials. The FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our trial design and our interpretation of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials. Any of these regulatory authorities may change requirements for the approval of a product candidate even after reviewing and providing comments or advice on a protocol for a clinical trial. The FDA or other regulatory agencies may require that we conduct additional clinical, nonclinical, manufacturing validation or drug product quality studies and submit those data before considering or reconsidering the application. Depending on the extent of these or any other studies, approval of any applications that we submit may be delayed by several years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available. It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered sufficient by the FDA or other regulatory agencies.

In addition, the FDA or other regulatory agencies may also approve a product candidate for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may impose significant limitations related to use restrictions for certain age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications or may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials or risk mitigation requirements.

We will continue to be subject to extensive FDA regulation following any product approvals, and if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may suffer a significant setback in our business.

Even if we are successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will continue to be subject to the requirements of and review by, the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities in the areas of manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, adverse event reporting, labeling, advertising and promotional activities, among other things. In addition, any marketing approval we receive may be limited in terms of the approved product indication or require costly post-marketing testing and surveillance. Discovery after approval of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or manufacturing process, or a failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in enforcement actions such as:

The occurrence of any of these actions would likely cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Many of our business practices are subject to scrutiny and potential investigation by regulatory and government enforcement authorities, as well as to lawsuits brought by private citizens under federal and state laws. We could become subject to investigations, and our failure to comply with applicable law or an adverse decision in lawsuits may result in adverse consequences to us. If we fail to comply with U.S. healthcare laws, we could face substantial penalties and financial exposure, and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

While payment is not yet available from third-party payors (government or commercial) for our product, our goal is to obtain such coverage as soon as possible after product approval and commercial launch in the U.S. If this occurs, the availability of such payment would mean that many healthcare laws would place limitations and requirements on the manner in which we conduct our business (including our sales and promotional activities and interactions with healthcare professionals and facilities) and could result in liability and exposure to us. In some instances, our interactions with healthcare professionals and facilities that occurred prior to commercialization could have implications at a later date. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, among others: (i) the federal healthcare programs Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare or Medicaid; (ii) federal false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent, and which may apply to entities like us under theories of “implied certification” where the government and qui tam relators may allege that device companies are liable where a product that was paid for by the government in whole or in part was promoted “off-label,” lacked necessary approval, or failed to comply with good manufacturing practices or other laws; (iii) transparency laws and related reporting and/or disclosures such as the Sunshine Act; and/or (iv) state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, many of which differ from their federal counterparts in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that their provisions are open to a variety of evolving interpretations and enforcement discretion. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Both federal and state government agencies have heightened civil and criminal enforcement efforts. There are numerous ongoing investigations of healthcare pharmaceutical companies and others in the healthcare space, as well as their executives and managers. In addition, amendments to the Federal False Claims Act, have made it easier for private parties to bring qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits against companies under which the whistleblower may be entitled to receive a percentage of any money paid to the government. In addition, the Affordable Care Act amended the federal civil False Claims Act to provide that a claim that includes items or services resulting from a violation of the federal anti-kickback statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. Penalties include substantial fines for each false claim, plus three times the amount of damages that the federal government sustained because of the act of that person or entity and/or exclusion from the Medicare program. In addition, a majority of states have adopted similar state whistleblower and false-claims provision. There can be no assurance that our activities will not come under the scrutiny of regulators and other government authorities or that our practices will not be found to violate applicable laws, rules and regulations or prompt lawsuits by private citizen “relators” under federal or state false claims laws. Any future investigations of our business or executives, or enforcement action or prosecution, could cause us to incur substantial costs, and result in significant liabilities or penalties, as well as damage to our reputation.

Laws impacting the U.S. healthcare system are subject to a great deal of uncertainty, which may result in adverse consequences to our business.

There have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system, reduce the costs of healthcare and change medical reimbursement policies. Doctors, clinics, hospitals and other users of our products may decline to purchase our products to the extent there is uncertainty regarding coverage from government or commercial payors. Further proposed legislation, regulation and policy changes affecting third-party reimbursement are likely. Among other things, Congress has in the past proposed changes to and the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care and Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”), and lawsuits have been brought challenging aspects of the law at various points. There have been repeated recent attempts by Congress to repeal or replace the Affordable Care Act. At this time, it remains unclear whether there will be any changes made to or any repeal or replacement of the Affordable Care Act, with respect to certain of its provisions or in its entirety. We are unable to predict what legislation or regulation, if any, relating to the health care industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future at the state or federal level, or what effect such legislation or regulation may have on us. Denial of coverage and reimbursement of our products, or the revocation or changes to coverage and reimbursement policies, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be successful in our efforts to build a pipeline of product candidates.

A key element of our strategy is to use and expand our product platform to build a pipeline of product candidates and progress those product candidates through clinical development for the treatment of a variety of different types of cancer. Even if we are successful in building a product pipeline, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development for a number of reasons, including causing harmful side effects or demonstrating other characteristics that indicate a low likelihood of receiving marketing approval or achieving market acceptance. If our methods of identifying potential product candidates fail to produce a pipeline of potentially viable product candidates, then our success as a business will be dependent on the success of fewer potential product candidates, which introduces risks to our business model and potential limitations to any success we may achieve.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication that does not produce any commercially viable products and may fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus our efforts on particular research programs and product candidates for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Further, our resource allocation decisions may result in our use of funds for research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications that may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate. Any such failure to improperly assess potential product candidates could result in missed opportunities and/or our focus on product candidates with low market potential, which would harm our business and financial condition.

Our products may be expensive to manufacture, and they may not be profitable if we are unable to control the costs to manufacture them.

Our products may be significantly more expensive to manufacture than we expect or than other therapeutic products currently on the market today. We hope to substantially reduce manufacturing costs through process improvements, development of new methods, increases in manufacturing scale and outsourcing to experienced manufacturers. If we are not able to make these, or other improvements, and depending on the pricing of the product, our profit margins may be significantly less than that of other therapeutic products on the market today. In addition, we may not be able to charge a high enough price for any product we develop, even if they are safe and effective, to make a profit. If we are unable to realize significant profits from our potential product candidates, our business would be materially harmed.

We currently lack manufacturing capabilities to produce our therapeutic product candidates at commercial-scale quantities and do not have an alternate manufacturing supply, which could negatively impact our ability to meet any future demand for the product.

We expect that we would need to significantly expand our manufacturing capabilities to meet potential demand for our therapeutic product candidates, if approved. Such expansion would require additional regulatory approvals. Even if we increase our manufacturing capabilities, it is possible that we may still lack sufficient capacity to meet demand.

We do not currently have any alternate supply for our products. If the facilities where our products are currently being manufactured or equipment were significantly damaged or destroyed, or if there were other disruptions, delays or difficulties affecting manufacturing capacity or availability of drug supply, including, but not limited to, if such facilities are deemed not in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice, or GMP, requirements, future clinical studies and commercial production for our products would likely be significantly disrupted and delayed. It would be both time-consuming and expensive to replace this capacity with third parties, particularly since any new facility would need to comply with the regulatory requirements.

Ultimately, if we are unable to supply our products to meet commercial demand, whether because of processing constraints or other disruptions, delays or difficulties that we experience, our production costs could dramatically increase and sales of our products and their long-term commercial prospects could be significantly damaged.

To be successful, our proposed products must be accepted by the healthcare community, which can be very slow to adopt or unreceptive to new technologies and products.

Our proposed products and those developed by our collaborative partners, if approved for marketing, may not achieve market acceptance since hospitals, physicians, patients or the medical community in general may decide not to accept and use these products. The products that we are attempting to develop represent substantial departures from established treatment methods and will compete with a number of more conventional therapies manufactured and marketed by major pharmaceutical companies. The degree of market acceptance of any of our developed products will depend on a number of factors, including:

If the healthcare community does not accept our products for any of these reasons, or for any other reason, our business would be materially harmed.

Our business is based on novel technologies that are inherently expensive and risky and may not be understood by or accepted in the marketplace, which could adversely affect our future value.

The clinical development, commercialization and marketing of immuno-oncology therapies are at an early-stage, substantially research-oriented, and financially speculative. To date, very few companies have been successful in their efforts to develop and commercialize an immuno-oncology therapeutic product. In general, such products may be susceptible to various risks, including undesirable and unintended side effects, unintended immune system responses, inadequate therapeutic efficacy, or other characteristics that may prevent or limit their approval or commercial use. Furthermore, the number of people who may use such therapies is difficult to forecast with accuracy. Our future success is dependent on the establishment of a significant market for such therapies and our ability to capture a share of this market with our product candidates.

Our development efforts with our therapeutic product candidates are susceptible to the same risks of failure inherent in the development and commercialization of therapeutic products based on new technologies. The novel nature of immuno-oncology therapeutics creates significant challenges in the areas of product development and optimization, manufacturing, government regulation, third-party reimbursement and market acceptance. For example, the FDA has relatively limited experience regulating such therapies, and there are few approved treatments using such therapy.

Our competition includes fully integrated biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that have significant advantages over us.

The market for therapeutic immuno-oncology products is highly competitive. We expect that our most significant competitors will be fully integrated and more established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies or institutions, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions. These companies are developing similar products, and they have significantly greater capital resources and research and development, manufacturing, testing, regulatory compliance, and marketing capabilities. Many of these potential competitors may be further along in the process of product development and also operate large, company-funded research and development programs. As a result, our competitors may develop more competitive or affordable products, or achieve earlier patent protection or product commercialization than we are able to achieve. Competitive products may render any products or product candidates that we develop obsolete.

Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources than we do, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in certain of our competitors. As a result, these companies may be able to obtain regulatory approval more rapidly than we can and may be more effective in selling and marketing their products. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing drug products that are more effective or less costly to produce or purchase on the market than any product candidate we are currently developing or that we may seek to develop in the future. If approved, our product candidates will face competition from commercially available drugs as well as drugs that are in the development pipelines of our competitors.

Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of or in-license novel compounds that could make our product candidates less competitive. In addition, any new product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcome price competition and to be commercially successful. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, receiving FDA, EMA or other regulatory approval, or discovering, developing and commercializing medicines before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business and ability to achieve profitability from future sales of our approved product candidates, if any.

If competitors develop and market products that are more effective, safer or less expensive than our product candidates or offer other advantages, our commercial prospects will be limited.

Our therapeutic immuno-oncology (IO) development programs face, and will continue to face, intense competition from pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as numerous academic and research institutions and governmental agencies engaged in drug discovery activities or funding, both in the United States and abroad. Some of these competitors are pursuing the development of drugs and other therapies that target the same diseases and conditions that we are targeting with our product candidates. According to Global Data, Thematic Research: Immuno-Oncology (March 2021), as of December 2020, there are 4,822 industry-sponsored clinical trials for immuno-oncology with 422 drugs in development. Phase 2 trials constitute the majority of the IO pipeline, followed by early-stage molecules in Phase 1/2 and Phase 1. For late-stage pipeline products, 484 clinical trials are ongoing in Phase 3, and 51 are in Phase 2/3 development. There are currently 22 marketed immuno-oncology agents. Cancer vaccine products lead the category with 9 products followed by checkpoint modulators with 8 approved drugs. The indications with the most marketed IO agents in the United States are metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, with 6 approved products each. The market value of bispecific antibodies, cancer vaccines, checkpoint modulators, cell therapies, and oncolytic viruses globally has increased sharply in the past 10 years with nearly $29 billion in 2019 compared to $370 million in 2010 .

As a general matter, we also face competition from many companies that are researching and developing cell therapies. Many of these companies have financial and other resources substantially greater than ours. In addition, many of these competitors have significantly greater experience in testing pharmaceutical and other therapeutic products, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals, and marketing and selling. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we also will be competing with respect to manufacturing efficiency and marketing capabilities, areas in which we have limited or no commercial-scale experience. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources’ being concentrated by our competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances made in the commercial applicability of our technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these fields.

If we are unable to keep up with rapid technological changes in our field or compete effectively, we will be unable to operate profitably.

We are engaged in activities in the biotechnology field, which is characterized by extensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. If we fail to anticipate or respond adequately to technological developments, our ability to operate profitably could suffer. Research and discoveries by other biotechnology, pharmaceutical or other companies may render our technologies or potential products or services uneconomical or result in products superior to those we develop. Similarly, any technologies, products or services we develop may not be preferred to any existing or newly developed technologies, products or services.

We may not be able to obtain third-party patient reimbursement or favorable product pricing, which would reduce our ability to operate profitably.

Our ability to successfully commercialize certain of our proposed products in the human therapeutic field may depend to a significant degree on patient reimbursement of the costs of such products and related treatments at acceptable levels from government authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as health maintenance organizations. Reimbursement in the United States or foreign countries may not be available for any products we may develop, and, if available, may be decreased in the future. Also, reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products with a consequent harm to our business. We cannot predict what additional regulation or legislation relating to the healthcare industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such regulation or legislation may have on our business. If additional regulations are overly onerous or expensive, or if healthcare-related legislation makes our business more expensive or burdensome than originally anticipated, we may be forced to significantly downsize our business plans or completely abandon our business model.

We may be subject to litigation that will be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.

Our business may bring us into conflict with our licensees, licensors or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships, or with our competitors or others whose interests differ from ours. If we are unable to resolve those conflicts on terms that are satisfactory to all parties, we may become involved in litigation brought by or against us. That litigation is likely to be expensive and may require a significant amount of management’s time and attention, at the expense of other aspects of our business. The outcome of litigation is always uncertain, and in some cases could include judgments against us that require us to pay damages, enjoin us from certain activities, or otherwise affect our legal or contractual rights, which could have a significant adverse effect on our business.

We are exposed to the risk of liability claims, for which we may not have adequate insurance.

Since we participate in the pharmaceutical industry, we may be subject to liability claims by employees, customers, end users and third parties. We intend to obtain proper insurance, however, there can be no assurance that any liability insurance we purchase will be adequate to cover claims asserted against us or that we will be able to maintain such insurance in the future. We intend to adopt prudent risk-management programs to reduce these risks and potential liabilities, however, we have not taken any steps to create these programs and have no estimate as to the cost or time required to do so and there can be no assurance that such programs, if and when adopted, will fully protect us. We may not be able to put risk management programs in place, or obtain insurance, if we are unable to retain the necessary expertise and/or are unsuccessful in raising necessary capital in the future. Our failure to obtain appropriate insurance, or to adopt and implement effective risk-management programs, as well as any adverse rulings in any legal matters, proceedings and other matters could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Preclinical and clinical trials are conducted during the development of potential products and other treatments to determine their safety and efficacy for use by humans. Notwithstanding these efforts, when our treatments are introduced into the marketplace, unanticipated side effects may become evident. Manufacturing, marketing, selling and testing our product candidates under development or to be acquired or licensed, entails a risk of product liability claims. We could be subject to product liability claims if our product candidates, processes, or products under development fail to perform as intended. Even unsuccessful claims could result in the expenditure of funds in litigation and the diversion of management time and resources, and could damage our reputation and impair the marketability of our product candidates and processes. While we plan to maintain liability insurance for product liability claims, we may not be able to obtain or maintain such insurance at a commercially reasonable cost. If a successful claim were made against us, and we lacked insurance or the amount of insurance were inadequate to cover the costs of defending against or paying such a claim or the damages payable by us, we would experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could be subject to product liability lawsuits based on the use of our product candidates in clinical testing or, if obtained, following marketing approval and commercialization. If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to cease clinical testing or limit commercialization of our product candidates.

We could be subject to product liability lawsuits if any product candidate we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable for human use during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Our inability to retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the clinical testing and commercialization of products we develop. We may wish to obtain additional such insurance covering studies or trials in other countries should we seek to expand those clinical trials or commence new clinical trials in other jurisdictions or increase the number of patients in any clinical trials we may pursue. We also may determine that additional types and amounts of coverage would be desirable at later stages of clinical development of our product candidates or upon commencing commercialization of any product candidate that obtains required approvals. However, we may not be able to obtain any such additional insurance coverage when needed on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not obtain or retain sufficient product liability insurance, we could be responsible for some or all of the financial costs associated with a product liability claim relating to our preclinical and clinical development activities, in the event that any such claim results in a court judgment or settlement in an amount or of a type that is not covered, in whole or in part, by any insurance policies we may have or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. We may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay any such amounts that may not be covered by our insurance policies.

We rely on third parties to conduct preclinical and clinical trials of our product candidates. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, upon third-party CROs to execute our preclinical and clinical trials and to monitor and manage data produced by and relating to those trials. However, we may not be able to establish arrangements with CROs when needed or on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which could negatively affect our development efforts with respect to our drug product candidates and materially harm our business, operations and prospects.

We will have only limited control over the activities of the clinical research organization (CRO) we will engage to conduct our clinical trials. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on any CRO does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. Based on our present expectations, we, our CROs and our clinical trial sites are required to comply with good clinical practices (GCPs), for all our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in the applicable trial may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving a product candidate for marketing, which we may not have sufficient cash or other resources to support and which would delay our ability to generate revenue from any sales of such product candidate. In addition, our clinical trials are required to be conducted with product produced in compliance with current good manufacturing practice requirements, or cGMPs. Our or our CROs’ failure to comply with those regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would also require significant cash expenditures and delay the regulatory approval process.

Agreements governing relationships with CROs generally provide those CROs with certain rights to terminate a clinical trial under specified circumstances. If a CRO that we have engaged terminates its relationship with us during the performance of a clinical trial, we would be forced to seek an engagement with a substitute CRO, which we may not be able to do on a timely basis or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, and the applicable trial would experience delays or may not be completed. In addition, our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under any agreements we enter with them, we are unable to control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical, nonclinical and preclinical programs. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to a failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, the affected product candidates. As a result, our operations and the commercial prospects for the effected product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

We contract with third parties for the supply of product candidates for clinical testing and expect to contract with third parties for the manufacturing of our product candidates for large-scale testing and commercial supply. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or products or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

We anticipate continuing our engagement of third parties to provide our clinical supply as we advance our product candidates into and through clinical development, and we depend on third parties to produce and maintain sufficient quantities of material to supply our clinical trials. If these third parties do not produce and maintain adequate supplies of clinical material, our development efforts could be significantly delayed, or could incur substantially higher costs. We expect in the future to use third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacture. We plan to enter into long-term supply agreements with several manufacturers for commercial supplies. We may be unable to reach agreement on satisfactory terms with contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates. Additionally, the facilities to manufacture our product candidates must be the subject of a satisfactory inspection before the FDA or other regulatory authorities approve a marketing authorization for the product candidate manufactured at that facility. We will depend on these third-party manufacturers for compliance with the FDA’s and international regulatory authority requirements for the manufacture of our finished products. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with cGMPs. If our manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the FDA and other regulatory authorities’ cGMP requirements, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved, and may subject us to recalls or enforcement action for products already on the market.

If any of our product candidates are approved and contract manufacturers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of finished product on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to find one or more replacement manufacturers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, in substantially equivalent volumes and quality and on a timely basis, we would likely be unable to meet demand for our products and could lose potential revenue. It may take several years to establish an alternative source of supply for our product candidates and to have any such new source approved by the FDA or any other relevant regulatory authorities.

We currently have no marketing and sales force. If we are unable to establish effective marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may not be able to effectively market and sell our product candidates, if approved, or generate product revenues.

We currently do not have a marketing or sales team for the marketing, sales and distribution of any of our product candidates that are able to obtain regulatory approval. To commercialize any product candidates, we must build on a territory-by-territory basis marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services, and we may not be successful in doing so. If our product candidates receive regulatory approval, we intend to establish an internal sales and marketing team with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize our product candidates, which will be expensive and time consuming and will require significant attention of our executive officers to manage. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of any of our products that we obtain approval to market. With respect to the commercialization of all or certain of our product candidates, we may choose to collaborate, either globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements when needed on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval or any such commercialization may experience delays or limitations. If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and we may incur substantial costs to attempt to recover or reproduce the data. If any disruption or security breach resulted in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and/or the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by natural disasters, power loss, terrorist activity and other events beyond our control, the occurrence of which could materially harm our business.

Businesses located in California have, in the past, been subject to electrical blackouts as a result of a shortage of available electrical power, and any future blackouts could disrupt our operations. We are vulnerable to a major earthquake, wildfire and other natural disasters, and we have not undertaken a systematic analysis of the potential consequences to our business as a result of any such natural disaster and do not have an applicable recovery plan in place. We do not carry any business interruption insurance that would compensate us for actual losses from interruption of our business that may occur, and any losses or damages incurred by us could cause our business to materially suffer.

Epidemic or pandemic outbreaks such as COVID-19 (coronavirus), natural disasters, whether or not caused by climate change, unusual weather conditions, terrorist acts and political events, could disrupt business and result in halting our clinical trials and otherwise adversely affect our financial performance.

The occurrence of one or more natural disasters, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, fires, floods and earthquakes, unusual weather conditions, epidemic outbreaks, terrorist attacks or disruptive political events in certain regions where our operations are located could adversely affect our business. Epidemic or pandemic outbreaks, such as COVID-19 (coronavirus) could impact our management and our ability to conduct clinical trials. This also may affect the market conditions that would limit our ability to raise additional capital. This could have a sustained material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

There has been a limited public market for our common stock , and we do not know whether one will develop to provide you adequate liquidity. Furthermore, the trading price for our common stock, should an active trading market develop, may be volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in per-share price.

Our common stock is listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “GTBP”; historically, however, there has been a limited public market for our common stock. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained. The liquidity of any market for the shares of our common stock will depend on a number of factors, including:

Even if an active trading market develops, the market price for our common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the price of shares of our common stock could decline significantly if our future operating results fail to meet or exceed the expectations of market analysts and investors and actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results could negatively affect our share price.

Other factors may also contribute to volatility of the price of our common stock and could subject our common stock to wide fluctuations. These include, but are not limited to:

We may not be able to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market.

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other requirements including, without limitation, a requirement that our closing bid price be at least $1.00 per share. On February 22, 2023, we received a deficiency letter from The Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for our common stock had been below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (“Rule 5550(a)(2)”). The Nasdaq deficiency letter had no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have been given 180 calendar days, or until August 21, 2023, to regain compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2). If at any time before August 21, 2023, the bid price of our common stock closes at $1.00 per share or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, the Staff will provide written confirmation that we have achieved compliance and the matter will be closed. If we do not regain compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2) by August 21, 2023, we may be afforded a second 180 calendar day period to regain compliance. To qualify, we would be required to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for The Nasdaq Capital Market, except for the minimum bid price requirement. In addition, we would be required to provide written notice to Nasdaq of our intent to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period. If we fail to continue to meet all applicable continued listing requirements for The Nasdaq Capital Market in the future and Nasdaq determines to delist our common stock, the delisting could adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock, and our ability to obtain financing to repay debt and fund our operations.

Our outstanding warrants may affect the market price of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 32.7 million shares of common stock issued and outstanding and warrants outstanding for the purchase of up to 2,337,274 additional shares of common stock at an average exercise price of $5.30 per share, all of which are exercisable as of the date of this Annual Report (subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations). The amount of common stock reserved for issuance may have an adverse impact on our ability to raise capital and may affect the price and liquidity of our common stock in the public market. In addition, the issuance of these shares of common stock will have a dilutive effect on current stockholders’ ownership.

Because our common stock may be deemed a “penny” stock, an investment in our common stock should be considered high-risk and subject to marketability restrictions.

Historically, the trading price of our common stock has been $5.00 per share or lower, and deemed a penny stock, as defined in Rule 3a51-1 under the Exchange Act, and subject to the penny stock rules of the Exchange Act specified in rules 15g-1 through 15g-10. Those rules require broker–dealers, before effecting transactions in any penny stock, to:

Consequently, the penny stock rules may restrict the ability or willingness of broker–dealers to sell the common stock and may affect the ability of holders to sell their common stock in the secondary market and the price at which such holders can sell any such securities. These additional procedures could also limit our ability to raise additional capital

in the future.

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, FINRA has adopted rules that require a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer before recommending an investment to a customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, the FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our shares of common stock, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares of common stock, and thereby depress our price per share of common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock may be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We currently have research coverage by one securities analyst, and we may never obtain research coverage by additional analysts. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our common stock may be negatively affected. In the event that we receive additional securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Anti-takeover provisions may limit the ability of another party to acquire us, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Delaware law and our charter, bylaws, and other governing documents contain provisions that could discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our stockholders, which could cause our stock price to decline. In addition, these provisions could limit the price investors would be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

We do not currently or for the foreseeable future intend to pay dividends on our common stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, any return on your investment in our common stock will be limited to the appreciation in the price of our common stock, if any.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

At the date of the issuance of this Annual Report, we sublease offices comprising of 4,500 rentable square feet at 8000 Marina Blvd, Suite 100, Brisbane, CA 94005 under a sublease that expires on June 30, 2024.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In March 2023, the Company received a demand letter from an attorney representing an alleged holder of a convertible note which alleges that the Company did not deliver shares of common stock that were due on conversion in 2022. The demand letter contends that the Company is liable for per diem liquidated damages. The Company has denied liability and will defend any such claim vigorously if asserted.

On May 13, 2022, the Company made a claim against Michael Handelman, its former Chief Financial Officer, asserting that he misappropriated Company funds and shares of common stock, and failed to file the required SEC reports on Form 3 and Form 4 regarding each acquisition and disposition of the Company’s common stock. The Company seeks monetary damages estimated at $370,000; the return of shares of our common stock received without authorization and the disgorgement of any profits earned from the sale of those shares; a full accounting for all sums charged on the Company’s debit card, with payment to the Company for any charges that cannot be demonstrated to have a corporate purpose; an order directing Mr. Handelman to make all filings required by Section 16(a) of the 1934 Act; an award of all sums and shares improperly issued to members of Mr. Handelman’s family; and an award of the Company’s attorneys’ fees and any forum and arbitration fees. As a component of Mr. Handelman’s contract with the Company, disputes shall be fully addressed and finally resolved by binding arbitration conducted by the American Arbitration Association (AAA) in New York City, New York, in accordance with its National Employment Dispute Resolution rules. In connection with any such arbitration, the Company shall bear all costs not otherwise borne by a plaintiff in a court proceeding. The Company agrees that any decisions of the arbitration panel will be binding and enforceable in any state in which the Company conducts the operation of its business. In accordance with California Labor Laws, the Company has designated Los Angeles, California as the venue for this arbitration. The Company is waiting to receive a hearing date from AAA.

On March 3, 2021, a complaint was filed by Sheffield Properties in the superior Court of California. County of Ventura. The litigation arose from a commercial lease entered into by GT Biopharma for office space in Westlake Village. In July, 2021 we entered into settlement agreement with Sheffield Properties in the amount of $100,000 that was paid in full on August 6, 2021. 

On August 28, 2019, a complaint was filed in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, West Judicial District, Santa Monica Courthouse, Unlimited Civil Division by Jeffrey Lion and by Daniel Vallera, as individuals. The complaint was filed against GT Biopharma, Inc. and its subsidiary Oxis Biotech, Inc. The Plaintiffs allege breach of a license agreement between the Plaintiffs and the Company entered into on or about September 3, 2015. The Company filed an answer to the complaint denying many allegations and asserting affirmative defenses. The Company reached a settlement of the case and paid on March 4, 2022, $425,000 in full and final settlement of the claims. This amount was fully accrued at December 31, 2021 and paid on March 4, 2022.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “GTBP.” Until May 2009, our common stock was traded on the OTC Bulletin Board (“OTCBB”) under the symbol “OXIS.” From May 20, 2009 until March 11, 2010, our common stock was traded on Pink OTC Markets Inc. trading platform under the symbol “OXIS.” From January 2015 to August 2017, our common stock was quoted on the OTCQB under the “OXIS” trading symbol. From August 2017 to February 11, 2021, our common stock was quoted on the OTCQB under the “GTBP” trading symbol.

Our common stock is also quoted on several European based exchanges including Berlin (GTBP.BE), Frankfurt (GTBP.DE), the Euronext (GTBP.NX) and Paris, (GTBP.PA). The foregoing trading prices exclude trading on these foreign stock markets. 

Stockholders

As of March 30, 2023, there were 46 stockholders of record, which total does not include stockholders who hold their shares in “street name.” The transfer agent for our common stock is ComputerShare, whose address is 8742 Lucent Blvd., Suite 225, Highland Ranch, CO 80129.

Dividends

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock to date and do not anticipate that we will pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends on our common stock in the future will be dependent upon the amount of funds legally available, our earnings, if any, our financial condition, our anticipated capital requirements and other factors that the Board of Directors may think are relevant. However, we currently intend for the foreseeable future to follow a policy of retaining all of our earnings, if any, to finance the development and expansion of our business and, therefore, do not expect to pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Issuances  of Unregistered Securities

The Company made the following issuances of its unregistered securities pursuant exemptions contained in Section 4(a)(2) or 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated thereunder during the year ended December 31, 2022:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any shares during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Some of the statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our current beliefs, goals and expectations about matters such as our expected financial position and operating results, our business strategy and our financing plans. The forward-looking statements in this report are not based on historical facts, but rather reflect the current expectations of our management concerning future results and events. The forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of terms such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “foresee,” “may,” “guidance,” “estimate,” “potential,” “outlook,” “target,” “forecast,” “likely” or other similar words or phrases. Similarly, statements that describe our objectives, plans or goals are, or may be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be different from any future results, performance and achievements expressed or implied by these statements. We cannot guarantee that our forward-looking statements will turn out to be correct or that our beliefs and goals will not change. Our actual results could be very different from and worse than our expectations for various reasons. You should carefully review all information, including the discussion of risk factors under “Part I. Item 1A: Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. Any forward-looking statements in the Form 10-K are made only as of the date hereof and, except as may be required by law, we do not have any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel immuno-oncology products based off our proprietary Tri-specific Killer Engager (TriKE^®) technology platform. Our TriKE^® platform generates proprietary therapeutics designed to harness and enhance the cancer killing abilities of a patient’s own natural killer cells, or NK cells. Once bound to an NK cell, our moieties are designed to enhance the NK cell, and precisely direct it to one or more specifically-targeted proteins expressed on a specific type of cancer cell or virus infected cell, ultimately resulting in the targeted cell’s death. TriKE^® is composed of recombinant fusion proteins and interleukin 15 (IL-15), can be designed to target any number of tumor antigens on hematologic malignancies, sarcomas or solid tumors and do not require patient-specific customization.

As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred an accumulated deficit of $674.5 million as of December 31, 2022. On a consolidated basis, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $5.7 million and short-term investments of $10.8 million at December 31, 2022. We anticipate we will have to raise additional capital to fund our selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses until we have a marketable product. There are no assurances that we will be able to raise the funds necessary to maintain our operations or to implement our business plan. The consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary in the event we cannot continue our operations.

COVID-19

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus COVID-19 a global pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued to spread, has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally. It has also disrupted the normal operations of many businesses. This outbreak could decrease spending, adversely affect demand for the Company’s products, and harm the Company’s business and results of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company believes the COVID-19 pandemic did impact its operating results. However, the Company has not observed any impairments of its assets or a significant change in the fair value of its assets due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At this time, it is not possible for the Company to predict the duration or magnitude of the adverse results of the outbreak and its effects on the Company’s business or results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

The Company has been following the recommendations of health authorities to minimize exposure risk for its team members, including the temporary closure of its corporate office and having team members work remotely. Most vendors have transitioned to electronic submission of invoices and payments.

Corporate Developments

On February 14, 2022, the Company appointed Manu Ohri as our Chief Financial Officer and Dr. Gavin Choy ceased serving as the Acting Chief Financial Officer.

Effective March 2, 2022, the Company appointed Michael Breen as Interim Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Berk ceased serving as the Company’s Interim Chief Executive Officer, but continued to serve as its President of Research & Development and Chief Medical Officer.

On June 9, 2022, Alan Urban joined as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.

On December 8, 2022, Dr. Berk’s employment was terminated as the President of Research & Development and Chief Medical Officer.

On December 14, 2022, the Company appointed Dr. Jeffrey Miller as our consulting Chief Medical Officer and consulting Chief Scientific Officer.

Issuance of common stock in public offering

On February 16, 2021, the Company completed a public offering of 4,945,000 shares of common stock for net proceeds of $24.7 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other direct offering expenses. As part of the offering, the Company also granted these investors, warrants to purchase 5,192,250 shares of common stock. The warrants are fully vested, exercisable at $5.50 per share and will expire in five years.

As a result of the completion of the public offering and the successful listing of its shares of common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market, convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount of $33.3 million and accrued interest of $5.5 million, for a total of $38.8 million, were mandatorily converted at its stated conversion rate of $3.40 per share into 11,413,322 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company issued 11,086,024 shares of common stock to the note holders while the remaining 327,298 common shares, valued at $1.1 million, were issuable at December 31, 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued the remaining 327,298 common shares. In addition, the Company also issued an additional 10,404 shares of commons stock with a fair value of $35,000 as settlement to a noteholder.

Cancellation of common stock previously issued for services

The Company cancelled 290,999 previously issued shares of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Issuance of common stock as equity compensation to officers, employees and board of directors

As part of employment agreements with its former CEO and its former CFO (“Officers”), the Officers received a fully vested stock grant equal to an aggregate of 10% and 1.5% of the fully diluted shares of common stock of the Company (calculated with the inclusion of the current stock holdings of the CEO) upon conversion of options, warrants and Convertible Notes in association with a national markets qualified financing as consideration for entering into the Agreement (with such stock to vest and be delivered within 30 days after the national markets qualified financing). In addition, the Company also granted similar equity compensation to members of the Company’s board of directors wherein these directors received stock grants equal to 1% and 1.25% of the fully diluted shares of common stock of the Company. Pursuant to the agreement, approximately 33% of the common stock to be issued vested immediately while the remaining 67% vests over a period of two years. The Company has disputed the grants received by both executives. The disputes with the CEO were later resolved in a settlement. The disputes with the CFO are subject to a pending arbitration, which includes a challenge to the validity of his employment agreement.

On February 16, 2021, the Company completed its equity offering and listed its shares of common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. As such, 4,379,407 shares of its common stock were granted to these Officers, employees and directors, which had a fair value of $18.6 million. Since the grant of the common stock is subject to milestone or performance conditions, the Company measured the fair value of the common stock on the respective date of the agreement, and such awards were recorded as compensation expense as the milestone or performance condition was met and in accordance with its vesting terms.

In July 2022, the Company granted 378,058 shares of fully vested common stock with a fair value of $938,000 to certain officers of the Company for services rendered.

During the year ended December 31, 2022,the Company issued 709,523 shares of common stock and recognized stock compensation expense of $2,522,000 to account the fair value of common stock that vested.

As of December 31, 2022, there were 44,818 unvested shares of common stock issued to officers, employees and directors with a fair value of $206,035 that will be recognized as stock compensation expense in future periods pursuant to its vesting term.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 3,774,967 shares of common stock and recognized stock compensation expense of $16,983,000 to account the fair value of common stock that vested.

Equity compensation to consultants

As part of consulting agreements with certain consultants, the Company agreed to grant these consultants common stock equal to 1% and 3% of the fully diluted shares of common stock of the Company upon conversion of options, warrants and Convertible Notes in association with a national markets qualified financing as consideration for entering into the Agreement (with such stock to vest and be delivered within 30 days after the national markets qualified financing).

On February 16, 2021, the Company completed its equity offering and listed its shares of common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. As a result of this offering, the Company agreed to issue to these consultants 2,850,090 shares of common stock with a grant date fair value of $10.7 million, of which 1,934,817 shares of common stock vested immediately while the remaining 915,273, shares of common stock vests over two years. Pursuant to current accounting guidelines, as the grant of the common stock is subject to milestone or performance conditions, the Company measured the fair value of the common stock on the respective date of the agreement, and then such award is being recorded as compensation expense based upon the vesting term of the grant.

From January 2021 to June 2021, the Company granted a total of 1,275,032 shares of common stock with a fair value of $7,119,000 to consultants for services rendered.

In July 2022, the Company granted 20,882 shares of fully vested common stock with a fair value of $51,787 to R&D consultants for services rendered.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued 526,857 shares of common stock and recognized stock compensation expense of $2,092,000 to account the fair value of common stock that vested.

As of December 31, 2022, there were 46,343 unvested shares of common stock issued to consultants with a fair value of $162,664 that will be recognized as stock compensation expense in future periods based upon their vesting term.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 3,082,406 shares of common stock and recognized stock compensation expense of $15,340,000 to account the fair value of common stock that vested.

Cancellation of common stock upon settlement with a former Officer

On April 29, 2022, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with its former Chief Executive Officer (“Officer”) and received 1,845,000 shares of its previously issued common stock in full and final settlement of all its claims against the Officer. The common stock was subsequently cancelled and returned to treasury. In addition, the Company incurred legal and professional expenses of $224,243. The legal and professional fees incurred were accounted as costs of the acquisition of the common stock and recorded as a reduction to additional paid in capital. Both the Company and the Officer released each other from claims under the settlement agreement.

Significant Agreements

TriKE^® Agreement

In June 2017, we entered into a co-development partnership agreement with Altor BioScience Corporation in which we will collaborate exclusively in the clinical development of a novel 161533 (GTB-3550) TriKE^® fusion protein for cancer therapies using our TriKE^® technology. The GTB-3550 Phase 1 clinical trial for treatment of patients with CD33-expressing, high risk myelodysplastic syndromes and refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia opened for patient enrollment September 2019 and completed enrollment in September 2021. The results of our first generation GTB-3550 Phase 1 clinical trial support our plans to advance the next generation camelid nanobody into the clinic, and as such, no further clinical development will ensue with GTB-3550.

University of Minnesota Scientific Research Agreement

We are a party to a scientific research agreement with the Regents of the University of Minnesota, effective June 16, 2021. This scientific research agreement aims to work with the Company with three major goals in mind: (1) support the Company’s TriKE^® product development and GMP manufacturing efforts; (2) TriKE^® pharmacokinetics optimization in humans; and, (3) investigation of the patient’s native NK cell population based on insights obtained from the analysis of the human data generated during our GTB-3550 clinical trial. The major deliverables proposed here are: (1) creation of IND enabling data for TriKE^® constructs in support of our product development and GMP manufacturing efforts; (2) TriKE^® platform drug delivery changes to allow transition to alternative drug delivery means and extended PK in humans; and, (3) gain an increased understanding of changes in the patient’s native NK cell population as a result of TriKE^® therapy. Most studies will use TriKE^® DNA/amino acid sequences created by us under current UMN/GTB licensing terms. The term of this agreement shall expire on June 30, 2023. The University of Minnesota shall use reasonable efforts to complete the project for a fixed sum of $2.1 million, of which $1.7 million has been incurred and recorded as of December 31, 2022.

Subcontract Manufacturing Agreement

On October 5, 2020, GT Biopharma entered into a Master Services Agreement with a third-party product manufacturer to perform biologic development and manufacturing services on behalf of the Company. Associated with this, the Company has subsequently signed five Statements of Work (“SOWs”) for the research and development of products for use in clinical trials. On August 24, 2022, the Company entered into a revised agreement with this third-party manufacturer and issued 1,222,281 shares of common stock with a fair value of $3.2 million as part of a payment arrangement. The shares were valued at $2.66 per share based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the agreement. As part of the revised agreement, the Company paid to this third-party manufacturer $3.3 million in cash on specified dates. In addition, the Company and the third-party manufacturer agreed that services to be rendered in future periods, as specified in the agreement, will be paid or settled at the Company’s discretion, in a combination of cash and issuance of the Company’s common stock. The agreement also amended certain agreements executed in prior years which eliminated future financial commitments of the Company.

The SOWs agreements totaled approximately $13.0 million, of which $7.5 million was incurred at that date and an additional $5.5 million is in process. The Company was indebted $2.3 million to this third- party manufacturer as of December 31, 2022.

Clinical Trial Agreement  

In September 2019, we executed clinical trial agreement with the Regents of the University of Minnesota, to commence enrollment in its first-in-human GTB-3550 TriKE^® (CD16/IL-15/CD33) Phase 1, open-label, dose escalation clinical trial for the treatment of CD33-expressing, high risk myelodysplastic syndromes, refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia or advanced systemic mastocytosis. The clinical trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota’s Masonic Cancer Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota under the direction of Dr. Erica Warlick and Dr. Mark Juckett. The primary objective of the trial was to determine safety and tolerability as well as the maximum tolerated dose of GTB-3550 TriKE^®. The hypothesis was that GTB-3550 TriKE^® would induce natural killer cell function by targeting malignant cells as well as CD33+ myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) which contribute to tumor induced immunosuppression. Because CD16 is a potent activating receptor on NK cells, this single agent GTB-3550 investigational agent may induce a targeted anti-CD33+ tumor response. The phase 1 trial was completed in September 2021.

License Agreements

See discussion of Patents and Licenses above under Item 1: Business

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Research and Development Expenses

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we incurred $8.8 and $9.6 million of research and development expenses, respectively. Research and development expenses related to our continued development and production of our most advanced TriKE® product candidates GTB-3650 and GTB-5550 along with the progression on other promising product candidates, decreased over the previous year by approximately $780,000 primarily due to reduction in stock compensation to employees and consultants. We anticipate our direct clinical and preclinical expenses to increase significantly in 2023 as we plan to advance our next generation GTB-3650 camelid nanobody product into the clinic.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we incurred $12.4 million and $47.9 million of selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to reduction in payroll and stock compensation expenses of approximately $27.0 million, reduction in marketing, promotion and investor relations expense of $3.6 million, reduction in travel expense of $484,000, and reduction in legal, professional and advisory board fees of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021. The Company managed to reduce expenses by better managing and controlling its payroll costs, legal and consulting expenses in 2022. During 2021, we incurred expenses that consisted primarily of personnel costs from our executive, legal, finance, and information technology organizations and related expenditures, as well as third party professional fees and insurance for the uplisting of our common shares on NASDAQ. Furthermore, the increase was due to the expenses incurred in support of our planned growth and new public company compliance initiatives in fiscal year 2021.

Other Income/Expense

Interest income was $292,000 and $38,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest income increased primarily due to the interest earned on short-term investments due to higher interest rates.

We recorded interest expense of $8,000 and $718,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease in interest expense was due to the conversion of convertible notes payable to common shares during 2021. We did not have any outstanding convertible notes payable as of December 31, 2022.

The change in fair value of derivative liability was due to fair value remeasurement which resulted in a gain of $119,000 and $211,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The unrealized loss on marketable securities was due to fair value remeasurement of our marketable securities which resulted in a loss of $30,000 and $29,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company’s current operations have focused on business planning, raising capital, establishing an intellectual property portfolio, hiring, and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials. The Company does not have any product candidates approved for sale and has not generated any revenue from product sales. The Company has sustained operating losses since inception and expects such losses to continue over the foreseeable future. On January 4, 2023, the Company raised $6.5 million from an institutional investor by selling 3.6 million shares of common stock, and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2.9 million shares of common stock. During 2021, the Company raised $24.7 million through issuance of common stock, raised $16.4 million through the exercise of warrants and raised $1.2 million from a series of issuances of convertible notes. The Company reported $16.5 million of cash and short-term investments at December 31, 2022 and raised an additional $6.5 million on January 4, 2023. We anticipate that we will need cash of approximately $15.0 million for the next twelve months for selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses. We expect the cash and short-term investments totaling $23.0 million will be sufficient to fund operations for the following 12 months, and anticipates raising additional funds when the Company embarks on Phase 1 trials.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going-concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Accordingly, the financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue in existence.

The Company has incurred substantial losses since inception to December 31, 2022. The Company anticipates incurring additional losses until such time, it can generate significant sales or revenue from out-licensing of its products currently in development. Substantial additional financing will be needed by the Company to fund its operations and to commercially develop its product candidates.

Management is currently evaluating different strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations. These strategies may include but are not limited to public offerings of equity and/or debt securities; and payments from potential strategic research and development, licensing and/or marketing arrangements with other pharmaceutical companies.

Critical Accounting Policies

We consider the following accounting policies to be critical given they involve estimates and judgments made by management and are important for our investors’ understanding of our operating results and financial condition.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Oxis Biotech, Inc. and Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include accruals for potential liabilities, assumptions used in deriving the fair value of derivative liabilities, share-based compensation and valuation of deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based awards to employees and nonemployees and consultants in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at fair value on the grant date and that fair value is recognized as expense over the requisite service, or vesting period.

The Company values its equity awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and accounts for forfeitures when they occur. Use of the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions including expected volatility, expected term, and a risk-free interest rate. The Company estimates volatility using its own historical stock price volatility. The expected term of the instrument is estimated by using the simplified method to estimate expected term. The risk-free interest rate is estimated using comparable published federal funds rates.

Inflation

We believe that inflation has not had a material adverse impact on our business or operating results during the periods presented.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

This company qualifies as a smaller reporting company, as defined in 17 C.F.R. §229.10(f) (1) and is not required to provide information by this Item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Please see the consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1 located in Part IV of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer evaluated the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), as of December 31, 2022. Based on that evaluation, we have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022.

Previously Reported Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified material weaknesses in the Control Environment and Risk Assessment components as set forth by the committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control Integrated Framework.

During 2022, we commenced a remediation plan with the goal of remediating the material weaknesses. In carrying out the remediation plan, management modified existing key controls at a sufficient level of precision to identify, discuss, and address any segregation of duties and reliance on outside consultants issues, risk of executive override and insufficient written policies and procedures for accounting and financial reporting for the requirements and application of GAAP and SEC Guidelines. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we completed our testing of these control matrices and evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the COSO framework. Based upon our evaluation, we concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting are operating effectively with a significant level of precision, and that the material weaknesses reported as of December 31, 2021 were fully remediated as of December 31, 2022.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal accounting officers and effected by a company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

As of December 31, 2022, our management, including our interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the COSO framework. Based upon our evaluation, we concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were operating effectively with a significant level of precision as of December 31, 2022.

Attestation Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm, due to the deferral allowed under the Jobs Act for small reporting companies.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than with respect to the remediation efforts discussed above,  there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Although we have altered some work routines due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the changes in our work environment, including remote work arrangements, have not materially impacted our internal controls over financial reporting and have not adversely affected the Company’s ability to maintain operations.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto are listed and included in this Annual Report beginning on page F-1. The following documents are furnished as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

EXHIBIT INDEX